Treatment of Homosexuality in Restoration and Enlightenment

Treatment of Homosexuality in Restoration and Enlightenment Homosexuality and the Problem of Identification in Restoration and Enlightenment England Reclamation and Enlightenment England certainly acquired, and to a huge degree carried on the social, strict, and legitimate biases, or limitations towards gay men that previously existed for a long time. The articulated and broad sentiments against homosexuality in England which could be viewed as homophobic, as else where were emphatically identified with Christian religious philosophy and its solid impact after winning social mentalities. There are a few through and through and away from of homosexuality in both the Old and New Testaments that affected Christian philosophy to invalidate homosexuality as a profoundly evil and unethical act.[1] Outside of Judeo-Christian religious philosophy and belief system, homosexuality had not generally been censured or ethically and socially attacked. For sure in old style Greece and Rome being transparently gay apparently left men without adverse social, strict, or legitimate outcomes, which implied that couple of men had tried to conceal the ir gay characters, sentiments, exercises, and ways of life. All that had changed once Christianity had become the predominant religion all through Europe and instructed that homosexuality was unusual and corrupt conduct, and prompted activities which were ethically indefensible.[2] The Renaissance had revived enthusiasm for old style Greek and Roman workmanship, writing, and model, which in parts referenced homosexuality as a typical and un-evil piece of regular daily existence. A unintended result of the Renaissance had been the acknowledgment that male homosexuality had not generally been socially, or strictly untouchable, and that it had not hence been unlawful in traditional Greece or Rome. These previous social orders had not held gay men in scorn or made them social outcasts’ yet they should be shameless and degenerate contrasted with Christian social orders. The acknowledgment that just Judeo-Christian social orders were so dominatingly homophobic gave a catalyst to ga y men to modify their social orders by contending that they were allowed to picked how they experienced their lives and were not very corrupted. The underlying moves to permit gay men to live straightforwardly began in Southern Europe before having an effect in Renaissance and Enlightenment England.[3] Apparently the Reformation upset the changing impacts of the Renaissance, yet would in the long run lead to expanded degrees of secularization, and to the more liberal scholastic, social, and logical mentalities of the Enlightenment. The more quick outcomes of the Reformation was expanded endeavors to free Western European social orders of bogus religious philosophy and purge it of indecency, for example, homosexuality, in spite of the fact that the subsequent clashes between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism got the most consideration among peers and antiquarians alike.[4] In England the beginning of the Reformation had not changed the troublesome circumstances that gay men confronted in the event that they wished to live their lives transparently. That was because of the Protestants whether inside the Church of England or the non-conventionalists outside of it being instead of male homosexuality as the Roman Catholic Church had consistently been. For the houses of worship, gay co ntemplations or wants were similarly as evil as really performing gay acts. Nonetheless if gay men avoided following up on their wants they would in any event get away from natural discipline for their wrongdoings, which would be decided by God on their Judgment Day. Gay men either needed to conceal their sexual inclinations or deny them totally. For they had for all intents and purposes no option in contrast to covering their direction or sexual orientation distinguishing pieces of proof, and driving stealthy private lives. Concealing sexual direction could have a significant effect between been socially and monetarily fruitful or been disrespected, and conceivably executed. Gossipy tidbits about being gay could end up being ruinous whether such claims were demonstrated or not. In the event that real gay acts could be demonstrated to have occurred certain in an English Crown Court it is lethal to those sentenced. The high dangers associated with having a gay existence even covertly assists with clarifying the absence of proof that gay men abandoned about themselves, as leaving data recorded as a hard copy or conversing with an inappropriate people could leave to being indicted and afterward executed.[5] The covering of gay distinguishing proof was all around viewed as fundamental in England before the Restoration and Enlightenment times, and remained exceptionally significant all through those occasions. For men that held ground-breaking social, financial, political, and strict positions being freely recognized or just reputed to be a gay could end up being lamentable for the support of their position. Such gossipy tidbits could arrive at the highest point of the political, social, and strict requests. During the 1590s until his passing, even the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift went under doubt of being explicitly engaged with another man. Whitgift was fortunate enough to keep up the certainty of Elizabeth I just as James I and hence was not disrespected or expelled from his post. Ministry must be beyond reproach of shameless sexual lead whether gay or hetero in nature. The way that England as a Protestant nation permitted administrative marriage implied that the church coul d satisfy hetero needs through marriage, while gay pastorate on the off chance that they existed needed to lecture the lessons of a religion that loathed their sexuality.[6] The higher position a man held the more noteworthy the exertion he would have placed into concealing his gay direction and ID. For example, in the fourteenth century Edward II’s known homosexuality, when joined with his political uncouthness added to his expulsion from the seat, and his resulting murder. Lords were required to be more manly than some other men inside society are, as they were relied upon to lead their nations during wartime, for rulers to be suspected or known to be gay was adverse for their odds of ruling over their nations effectively. Closer to the Restoration and Enlightenment times, the Duke of Buckingham was broadly accepted to have become the most compelling and ground-breaking illustrious top pick, also the central clergyman through his supposed gay relationship with James I. Buckingham figured out how to frame a comparatively cozy relationship with Charles I, who appeared to be absent to the Duke’s disagreeability and inadequacy. Bits of gossip about homosexuality didn't harm Buckingham as much as his incompetence, yet they didn't help improve his prominence either.[7] For gay men in Restoration and Enlightenment England, their social, political, and strict prohibition if their sexual direction got open information was inferable from the manner by which homosexuality was viewed as being commensurate to homosexuality by a lion's share of the hetero populace. Homosexuality was considered to be as genuine a transgression as sin and black magic, as the meaning of homosexuality consolidated all explicitly freak acts.[8] In prior periods, guys discovered submitting gay acts were generally trialed and rebuffed by Church courts. The law was changed in 1534 all together for individuals blamed for buggery to be trialed by Crown courts. The enactment of 1534 made it much progressively risky for male gay people to be known as being explicitly dynamic, or even to have their direction known. The most extreme discipline for any man got and indicted for this wrongdoing was execution. Hence making buggery a wrongdoing deserving of death, in accordance with the sent ences for apostasy and black magic. The main distinction was that the act of executing apostates and affirmed witches had passed before the finish of the Enlightenment period, while the completing of gay exercises was as yet a capital offense until 1861 and a wrongdoing until the 1960s[9]. Quickly preceding the Restoration time frame had been the Commonwealth, which had endeavored to thoroughly authorize all good and strict qualities to meet with its fundamentalist Protestant philosophy, including all hetero and gay sex outside of marriage. While the Puritanical system roused by Oliver Cromwell had proposed to purify the entire of Britain of its transgressions, it fizzled. During the Commonwealth time frame hetero miscreants just as decent Anglicans needed to lead covert presences simply like gay people and Roman Catholics had accomplished for some decades.[10] Charles II’s come back from banish introduced the time of the Restoration, which brought an unwinding of the draconian good codes of the Commonwealth, particularly in the Royal Court. Regardless of his own corrupt conduct, Charles II just went similarly as needing strict toleration as opposed to formally supporting an unwinding of good and sexual guidelines of conduct. Indeed, even had Charles wished to i mprove the lawful situation of gay men he would have not been set up to confront open and Parliamentary resistance to such plans.[11] Whilst the Restoration may have implied a progressively loosened up moral mentality at the Royal Court, there was no adjustment in the lawful situation of men discovered performing gay acts.[12] Concealment of gay distinguishing proof or the assurance of men in high social and strict positions was the most ideal approach to avoid arraignment and at last execution.[13] Living in towns and urban areas by and large and in London specifically improved the odds of gay men not being gotten, and driving an additionally satisfying existence.[14] Gay men to a mind-boggling degree openly seemed to fit in with the sexual orientation good examples during the Restoration and Enlightenment times in England. As not fitting in with ordinary sexual orientation good examples would have uncovered their way of life as gay men, numerous consequently chose to conceal their actual character to stay away from mistreatment and their

GBH liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GBH risk - Essay Example Segment 42 of the OAPA 1861 avowed that an assault is submitted on account of unlawful viciousness or savagery focused on someone else. This announcement was amended by the CIA in 1988. The activity of viciousness was obviously expressed and under which condition this segment was pertinent. Viciousness carried out to an individual under unlawful methods is a wrongdoing as this will imperil the life of the victim.Sarah’s agree to sexual intercourseDespite Sarah’s endorsement to sexual relations, she was ignorant of Richard’s HIV status. She didn't agree to be tainted with the HIV. Richard submitted offense as he deliberately transmitted the HIV to Sarah. This was with the information that it would result to a perilous condition to Sarah.â â According to this case in issues relating R v Clarence and R v Dica, while it is suitable as far as sexual assent, it doesn't address the make a difference of acknowledgment to the danger of deplorable body disability. This might be because of sexual relations by methods of explicitly transmitted contaminations.. In the two cases, the respondents didn't illuminate their accomplices that they had the HIV. The accomplices likewise were oblivious of the status of their sexual accomplices. Sarah was uninformed of Richard’s sexual transmitted malady condition. Sarah agreed to sex, however she didn't agree to the danger of the viral disease. For a sexual partner’s agree to the risks of getting the HIV to be legitimate; the endorsement of the other accomplice should be an educated assent (Card et al, 2012). Haircutting issue Sarah was unsettled that Richard trim her hair; she selected to stay calm on this theme. She weighted her affection feelings for Richard and stayed quiet. Sarah didn't agree to her hair being trimmed; this is viewed as genuine body damage to Sarah.

Research Essay Topics - Tips on Writing a Research Paper

Research Essay Topics - Tips on Writing a Research PaperResearch topics for a research essay have become quite common these days. Students are no longer contented with sitting through lectures alone. To add more fascination, they would read a newspaper or check their emails every now and then. As such, the need for a research essay has never been greater.In order to write a research essay, there are various approaches that can be adopted. Writing a research essay is basically about finding something interesting and related to it and putting your thoughts down on paper. There are different levels of writing research papers, depending on your level of interest.For a first time writer, it would be wise to start with the topics for a research essay. Topics for a research essay are the key ingredients of a good essay. Without topics for a research essay, a research paper will be useless. The same holds true if you are not familiar with them, so you need to practice until you become a mast er of writing the appropriate research paper.There are different types of topics for a research paper. One type of topics for a research essay is your life story. This is one of the easiest types of topics for a research essay since it involves your thoughts about your life and your experiences.However, if your life story is too long and you don't feel like sharing it, then you can choose topics for a research essay that focus on a particular area. For example, if you are writing a research paper on a particular field of study, you can write about that particular field. Another kind of topics for a research essay are about your interests. If you are a fan of animals, you can write about that aspect of your life.However, if you don't have much information about yourself or your life experience, then it would be wise to go in for topics for a research essay that are not of your life experience. It is usually best to write about a different topic that can be related to your life experi ences. For example, if you have children, a research paper on parenting could be very interesting.All topics for a research paper can be used to generate ideas for your research paper. With that said, you should not stop researching and reading. The more you read, the more you can incorporate into your essay. This will also help you gain insight into how the topic should be presented.The last tip that you can use for writing a research paper is to do some revisions. While it may seem strange, doing revisions can really make your research paper to become better. With more revisions, you will be able to improve your essay and increase its quality.

Race Relations A Resolved Issue - 1644 Words

Guyo Kotile Race Relations: A Resolved Issue? ENGL 1021-64 Prof. Larry Sklaney 3 Dec. 2013 Although the issue of race relations has died down since the civil rights movement, it is still present in politics and the work place today. Race relations works to better the rights of minority citizens and to lessen the gap between the races. With the facts stated above, race relations are an important issue in the United States of America. Race is a much discussed social and political topic. Race, especially in the United States is everybody’s business. Profiling is evident today, where going to an airport can be a hassle if you fit a certain stereotype. But race relations have come a long way. It has changed vastly from the time of the civil rights movement. We have to remember that the recognition of an injustice and public outcry will change nothing until we understand completely the issues that bring about these events. We have to be careful when dealing with this issue; we have to be contributing to part of the solution rather than the being the problem it self. Injustice could be the turning point in which we transform and open up to the media and investigate our racial assumptions. In todays’ day and age, fear is fostered in the danger of pretending to seek justice when action isn’t taken. Race relations can be resolved if we approach the problem correctly and effectively on appropriate terms. The classification of races is no simple task. Over the last couple of years, itShow MoreRelatedThe Race On Reality Tv866 Words   |  4 PagesRace on Reality TV A unique feature of reality TV makes the show as a site where we can find how the tolerance is conducted in real life, in terms of race, gender, and foreignness. 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Alice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and...

Li 1 Angel Li Mrs. Harper English 6H 7th February 2011 Alice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and Regeneration Alice Walker is considered one of the most influential African American writers of the 20th century, because of her raw portrayal of African American struggles and the injustices towards black women. She was the first African American female novelist to win both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for The Color Purple. Her work is appealing and powerful because â€Å"Walkers novels can be read as an ongoing narrative of an African American womans energence from the voiceless obscurity of poverty and racial and sexual victimization to become a reshaper of culture and tradition† (Gray 527). Through†¦show more content†¦The female community also heals Celie, whos newly acquired freedom effects both the men and women. Walker also advocates spirituality in her theme of womanism. According to Bloom, â€Å"Walkers spiritual beliefs are dependent on her womanist philosophy, and vis e versa. Her womanist philosophy is a type of spirituality, one that arises from her movement away from the traditional Christianity in which she was raised† (64, 2000). Shug becomes a medium that Walker uses to depict her growing connection to spirituality and a way for Celie to build a relationship with nature, earth, and herself. Furthermore, Celies letters are based on Walkers idea that writing is a spiritual practice for females to find peace and reflect their thoughts in a racist and sexist society. Bloom goes on to suggest that â€Å" Walkers womanist and spiritual concerns would not exist without her belief that her writing is an individual and communal intervention into a racist and sexist fabric she sees in American culture† (66, 2000). Because women were not allowed to have a voice, Walker writes the novel in the form of letters, where Celie can reveal everything. Lastly, Walker shows her criticism of the injustices shown towards African American women by both blacks and whites. In the novel, â€Å"the men are generally pathetic, weak and stupid when they are not heartlessly cruel† (Wilson 1587), which made The Color Li

The Decision Of Hamlet s Mental State - 939 Words

A theme of ‘madness’ is carefully and creatively manifested within Hamlet. A question that I intend to get out of the way fairly quickly would be the decision of Hamlet’s mental state. There is much controversy surrounding the idea of Hamlet’s madness, and textual evidence can support either side of the argument. However, madness is still at the heart of this play, whether it be real or feigned. Since we cannot prove Hamlet’s sanity, we may still act under the assumption that he has lost his hold on reality. In the case of Ophelia, there is no doubt clouding the decision of her mental state. She is, indeed, insane. In order to examine these cases of insanity, we will not only find differences between Hamlet and Ophelia’s loss of sanity,†¦show more content†¦When alone, or around Horatio, it is portrayed that Hamlet is very in control of his actions. Ophelia, on the other hand, appears to have lost all sense of self-awareness and it is inconclusive as to whether she drowned intently or by accident. Neither of them may have had serious intentions of ending their lives, but it is still true to say that neither of them did much to avoid their endings. Polonius is easily able to cause Ophelia to lose her trust in Hamlet and agree to stop seeing him, without giving any substantial justifications in his reasoning. Ophelia blindly follows Polonius’ orders, because she doesn’t have her own sense of direction (Gerwig 14). Hamlet, in a similar manner, follows the words of the Ghost. He, however, hinders taking action in result of his uncertainty. The two of them can both be swayed due to their â€Å"weakness of will† (Shucking 74). They are also both perceived as â€Å"sensitive souls†, which made them vulnerable to losing holds on reality. The idea of guilt also plays an interesting role in their mental faculties. Guilt over what she did to Hamlet could arguably be where Ophelia’s mind b egins to unravel, but she completely deteriorates with the death of Polonius. Hamlet’s fit of madness at Ophelia’s funeral can also be explained as guilt. This theory is justified by Hamlet’s own words: â€Å"make mad the guilty† (II.ii.541). Ophelia has the burden of

Ethical Theories and Its Issue Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Theories and Its Issue. Answer: Introduction: The implementation of ICT systems and automation of workforce in organizations have created profound concerns for the employment of humans and have been highlighted in majority of media sources. The identification of the case studies of companies such as Foxconn, Amazon and examples of small scale organizations and a critical review of the different cases from the perspective of classical ethical theories such as Deontology, Utilitarianism, Contract theory and Virtue theory. Despite the wide uproar in the media over replacement of human jobs by artificial intelligence, there have been substantial criticisms that point towards the minimal impact of automation on downsizing and reforms in employment (Dekker, Salomons Waal, 2017). As per Hammond, the discussion on the ethical issues from the perspectives of the ethical theories would provide viable insights into the credibility of the decisions identified in the different case studies. Furthermore, the outcomes of reviewing ethical issues could also be helpful for drawing justifiable and logical conclusions necessary for resolution of ethical issues. The big question to be resolved in context of this assignment is, Are AI and robots a threat to human employment? Some of the common ethical issues which are observed in context of ICT applications include references to privacy, ICT professionalism, intellectual property, community and identity, social inclusion, cyber-crime, security and employment (Hammond, 2017). Employment could be perceived as a major ethical issue in context of the case study due to the application of robots and artificial intelligence for automation of human tasks (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The ethical issue pertaining to employment could be reviewed from the perspective of the four theories in order to determine the rightfulness or wrongfulness of the action of employing robots. Deontological theory Deontological theory suggests that actions should be guided by moral obligations and the impact of categorical imperatives can be perceived clearly in the case of this theory. The categorical imperatives identified in the ethical theory of deontology include the formulation of universality and formulation of humanity. The imperative of universality is directed towards the assumption that a particular action or principle of action followed by an individual could be assumed as a general rule without contradiction that. The general rule implies that similar actions could be validated in the case of similar scenarios (Kant Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). The ethical concerns of employment identified as a response to the automation of human work processes with AI and robots could be reviewed from the perspective of the formulation of universality that preferences of one organization for automation of its complete workforce could lead to establishment of benchmarks for other organizations to lay off their workforce. However, this can be contradicted on the grounds of formulation of humanity involved as a categorical imperative in deontology. As per Hammond, the formulation of humanity refers to the factor that humans cannot be used as mere means and can be used only as means to accomplish something. Therefore, organizations with the intentions to replace their human workforce with robots and AI should emphasize on the factor that employees could be assumed as mere means when replaced with AI and robots (Hammond, 2017). Another prominent perspective that can be drawn forward from the critical reflection on deontological theory reflects on the prospects of humans becoming mere means in context of employment due to the large scale employment of robots and artificial intelligence. Utilitarian theory: The issue of employment identified from the case study could also be reviewed from the perspective of utilitarianism which is also accounted as a profound ethical theory. The principle of utilitarianism is based on the fact that actions are measured on the grounds of pleasure produced by the action. However, the classification of utilitarianism into different forms such as act utilitarianism which could be observed on the grounds of morality of actions is determined by the measurement of good actions that bring good outcomes for a greater number of people (Osawa et al., 2017). On the other hand, the rule utilitarianism accounted for a wider exposition on the ethical theory of utilitarianism which emphasizes on adhering to certain precedents which lead to the most favourable outcomes for the higher number of individuals possible (Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). Therefore on the grounds of act utilitarianism, the employment of AI and robots improves the productivity of the organization and leads to favourable outcomes for a large share of employees in the organization. However, the concerns of the employees that lose their jobs due to this initiative should also be taken into concern for determining morality of actions. Therefore rule based utilitarianism could be applied in the case of ethical issue of employment to reflect on the measures for relocation of the replaced employees (Trevino Nelson, 2016). Virtue theory The application of the virtue theory for analyzing the case of probabilities for extinction of human employment due to the large scale introduction of robots and AI for automating human work processes could also be a viable opportunity to identify recommendations for improvement. The profound implication of virtue theory could be observed in the terms of humans as pursuers of virtuousness (Aristotle Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). According to West, the definition of virtue theory is guided by the objective of Eudemonia which can be depicted as a state where an individual accomplishes a sense of self-achievement. The application of virtue theory in the case of concerns raised over human unemployment due to automation could be a feasible contributor to the resolution of concerns of unemployment anticipated by humans (West, 2015). The different sectors where employment could be subject to risks include references to the ability of humans and the inherent desire to acquire a flourishing life which would enable them to retrain themselves in different skills. The motivation for accomplishing basic needs as well as realizing basic social requirements could also imply refraining from automation of tasks which are required inherently to establish social contact (Osawa et al., 2017). Therefore, the ethical issues anticipated in context of human employment could be addressed through observing precedents of the virtue theory. Examples of companies which have ensured flexible growth in inclusion of AI and robots in the workforce alongside ensuring substantial improvement in the human workforce indicate that efforts for retraining of human workforce would reduce the concerns of complete decimation of human employment in the coming years. Contract Theory The issue of employment is observed as a major ethical dilemma in context of the case study of implementing AI and robots in modern workforce. It could also be reviewed from the perspective of contract theory which suggests the presence of contracts to ensure that specific agreements are made to validate morality of actions. The application of contract theory in resolution of the ethical issue related to employment of AI and robots could be adopted by organizations in which they could provide contracts to human employees citing relocation incentives or retraining and placement opportunities for them (Contractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). The prospects for realizing the application of contract theory feasibly in the case of the ethical issue of employment for humans in event of the large scale automation initiatives could be validated on the grounds of trust between the parties in the contract which ensures that employees are able to appreciate the inclusion of robots in the workplace as a reduction of their workload (Dekker, Salomons Waal, 2017). The contract theory could also be utilized for developing trust of employees in the automation initiatives on the grounds of opportunities for accomplishing complex objectives rather than working on redundant and repetitive tasks. Conclusion: The review of the case study of large scale employment of robots and AI in contemporary industrial and service based functions provided credible insights into the ethical issue related to human employment. The review was supported by references to four prominent ethical theories which were subsequently helpful for drawing recommendations for resolving the ethical dilemma. References Aristotle Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ Contractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #37. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Co6pNvd9mc Dekker, F., Salomons, A., Waal, J. V. D. (2017). Fear of robots at work: the role of economic self-interest. Socio-Economic Review, mwx005. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Hammond, R. (2017). A Future Without Work? A.I. Robots and Employment. Kant Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy #35. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bIys6JoEDw Osawa, H., Ema, A., Hattori, H., Akiya, N., Kanzaki, N., Kubo, A., ... Ichise, R. (2017, March). What is Real Risk and Benefit on Work with Robots?: From the Analysis of a Robot Hotel. In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 241-242). ACM. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI West, D. M. (2015). What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy. Centre for Technology Innovation at Brookings, Washington DC.